{"id":1297,"date":"2018-05-16T08:30:56","date_gmt":"2018-05-16T08:30:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/?p=1297"},"modified":"2018-05-23T04:50:37","modified_gmt":"2018-05-23T04:50:37","slug":"nu-ai-dreptul-sa-crezi-tot-ce-ti-trece-prin-cap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/?p=1297","title":{"rendered":"Nu ai dreptul s\u0103 crezi tot ce-\u021bi trece prin cap!"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/believer-300x180.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-1298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/believer-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/believer-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/believer-1024x614.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/believer.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Nu ai dreptul s\u0103 crezi tot ce-\u021bi trece prin cap!<br \/>\n<em>de Daniel DeNicola<\/em><br \/>\nprofesor \u0219i \u0219ef al catedrei de filozofie la Gettysburg College, Pennsylvania, \u0219i autor al c\u0103r\u021bii <em>Understanding Ignorance: The Surprising Impact of What We Don\u2019t Know<\/em> (2017)<\/p>\n<p>Avem dreptul s\u0103 credem tot ceea ce vrem s\u0103 credem? Acest presupus drept este adeseori considerat ultima redut\u0103 a ignorantului cu bun\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, a persoanei \u00eencol\u021bite de dovezi \u0219i de opinii potrivnice: &#8222;Cred c\u0103 schimbarea climei este o \u00een\u0219el\u0103ciune, indiferent de ce ar spune al\u021bii, iar eu am dreptul s\u0103 cred asta!&#8221; Dar <em>exist\u0103<\/em> un astfel de drept?<\/p>\n<p>Recunoa\u0219tem <em>dreptul<\/em> de a cunoa\u0219te anumite lucruri. Am dreptul s\u0103 cunosc condi\u021biile mele de lucru, diagnosticul pe care mi-l pune medicul, notele pe care le ob\u021bin la \u0219coal\u0103, numele acuzatorilor mei \u0219i natura acuza\u021biei pe care mi-o aduc \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. Dar credin\u021ba nu este cunoa\u0219tere.<\/p>\n<p>Credin\u021ba este factual\u0103: s\u0103 crezi \u00eenseamn\u0103 s\u0103 consideri a fi adev\u0103rat. Ar fi absurd, a\u0219a cum spunea filozoful G.E. Moore \u00een 1940, s\u0103 spui: &#8222;Plou\u0103, dar eu nu cred c\u0103 plou\u0103.&#8221; Credin\u021ba aspir\u0103 la adev\u0103r &#8211; dar nu \u00eel cuprinde. Credin\u021ba poate fi fals\u0103, neconfirmat\u0103 de dovezi sau de ra\u021bionamente. Poate fi \u0219i resping\u0103toare moral. Candida\u021bi de genul \u0103sta sunt: rasismul sau homofobia, credin\u021ba c\u0103 educa\u021bia unui copil presupune \u00abfr\u00e2ngerea voin\u021bei\u00bb \u0219i aspre pedepse corporale, credin\u021ba c\u0103 b\u0103tr\u00e2nii trebuie eutanasia\u021bi, credin\u021ba c\u0103 \u00abpurificarea etnic\u0103\u00bb este o solu\u021bie politic\u0103 \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. Dac\u0103 le consider\u0103m gre\u0219ite din punct de vedere moral, condamn\u0103m nu doar actele care rezult\u0103 din astfel de credin\u021be, ci \u0219i credin\u021bele respective, actul de a crede \u00een ele, pe cei care cred \u00een ele.<\/p>\n<p>O astfel de judecat\u0103 poate implica faptul c\u0103 a crede este un act de voin\u021b\u0103. Dar credin\u021bele sunt mai degrab\u0103 st\u0103ri ale min\u021bii sau atitudini dec\u00e2t ac\u021biuni decisive. Unele credin\u021be, cum ar fi valorile personale, nu sunt alese \u00een mod con\u0219tient, sunt \u00abmo\u0219tenite\u00bb de la p\u0103rin\u021bi, care le-au primit de la colegi, le-au \u00een\u021beles gre\u0219it, au fost induse de autorit\u0103\u021bi sau le-au trecut pe la ureche. Din acest motiv nu cred c\u0103 problema este cum am ajuns la acea credin\u021b\u0103, ci sus\u021binerea acelei credin\u021be, refuzul de a renun\u021ba la ea ca fiind ceva gre\u0219it.<\/p>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><br \/>\n<!-- bara --><br \/>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3361329263905331\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"1466249906\"\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins><br \/>\n<script>\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 con\u021binutul unei credin\u021be este moral gre\u0219it, po\u021bi s\u0103 te g\u00e2nde\u0219ti c\u0103 ea este fals\u0103. Credin\u021ba c\u0103 o ras\u0103 este mai pu\u021bin uman\u0103 nu este doar repugnant\u0103 moral, rasist\u0103, ci este considerat\u0103 \u0219i a fi fals\u0103 &#8211; nu \u0219i de cel care crede \u00een ea. Falsitatea unei credin\u021be este necesar\u0103 dar nu suficient\u0103 pentru a o considera gre\u0219it\u0103 din punct de vedere moral, nici c\u00e2t de ur\u00e2t este con\u021binutul nu este condi\u021bie suficient\u0103 de a fi gre\u0219it\u0103 moral. Exist\u0103 adev\u0103ruri care sunt resping\u0103toare moral, dar nu credin\u021ba \u00een ele le face a\u0219a. Ur\u00e2\u021benia moral\u0103 este inclus\u0103 \u00een lume, nu \u00een credin\u021ba despre lume.<\/p>\n<p>&#8222;Cine e\u0219ti <em>tu<\/em> s\u0103-mi spui \u00een ce s\u0103 cred?&#8221;, spune zelosul. Este o problem\u0103 pus\u0103 gre\u0219it: implic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 certificarea credin\u021bei cuiva este o problem\u0103 de autoritate a cuiva. Ignor\u0103 rolul realit\u0103\u021bii. Credin\u021bele au rolul de a reflecta lumea real\u0103 \u0219i aici lucrurile scap\u0103 de sub control. Exist\u0103 credin\u021be iresponsabile, mai precis credin\u021be care sunt dob\u00e2ndite \u0219i men\u021binute \u00een mod iresponsabil. Ignor\u0103 dovezile, accept\u0103 b\u00e2rfele, zvonurile, dovezile din surse dubioase, ignor\u0103 incoeren\u021ba cu celelalte credin\u021be, adopt\u0103 ceea ce numim <em>wishful thinking<\/em>, dovedesc \u00eenclina\u021bia c\u0103tre teoria conspira\u021biei.<\/p>\n<p>Nu este cazul nici s\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la eviden\u021bialismul din secolul al XIX-lea al filozofului \u0219i matematicianului William K. Clifford, care afirma: &#8222;Este gre\u0219it, \u00eentotdeauna, oriunde, pentru oricine, s\u0103 cread\u0103 ceva f\u0103r\u0103 a avea suficiente dovezi.&#8221; Clifford \u00eencerca s\u0103 previn\u0103 credin\u021bele \u00een care dorin\u021ba, credin\u021ba oarb\u0103 \u0219i emo\u021biile, nu dovezile, stimulau sau justificau o credin\u021b\u0103. Ar fi prea restrictiv. \u00cen orice societate complex\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 ne baz\u0103m pe m\u0103rturii din surse de \u00eencredere, pe judecata exper\u021bilor \u0219i pe cele mai bune dovezi la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103. Mai mult, a\u0219a cum psihologul William James \u00eei r\u0103spundea \u00een 1896, unele din cele mai importante credin\u021be despre lume \u0219i soarta omului trebuie formate f\u0103r\u0103 suficiente dovezi. \u00cen astfel de circumstan\u021be, mai mult sau mai pu\u021bin bine definite \u00een scrierile lui James, dorin\u021ba cuiva de a crede \u00een ceva ne permite s\u0103 alegem credin\u021ba \u00eentr-o via\u021b\u0103 mai bun\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Explor\u00e2nd diversele experien\u021be religioase, James ne aminte\u0219te c\u0103 &#8222;dreptul la credin\u021b\u0103&#8221; poate instaura climatul de toleran\u021b\u0103 religioas\u0103. Religiile care s-au definit a fi credin\u021be obligatorii au fost angajate \u00een represiuni, torturi \u0219i r\u0103zboaie \u00eempotriva necredincio\u0219ilor care au \u00eencetat doar odat\u0103 cu recunoa\u0219terea dreptului la libertatea credin\u021bei. Dar chiar \u0219i \u00een acest context, credin\u021bele intolerante nu pot fi tolerate. Drepturile au limite \u0219i presupun o responsabilitate.<\/p>\n<p>Din nefericire, mul\u021bi oameni din zilele noastre \u00ee\u0219i asum\u0103 mari libert\u0103\u021bi apropo de dreptul la credin\u021b\u0103, evit\u00e2nd r\u0103spunderea. Ignoran\u021ba voit\u0103 \u0219i falsa cunoa\u0219tere care sunt ap\u0103rate cu &#8222;am dreptul meu la credin\u021b\u0103&#8221; nu respect\u0103 cerin\u021bele lui James. Hai s\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare astfel de credin\u021be, c\u0103 aselenizarea \u0219i c\u0103 atacul armat de la \u0219coala Handy Hook nu au avut loc \u0219i c\u0103 sunt scenarii lansate de guvern, c\u0103 Barack Obama este musulman, c\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul este plat, c\u0103 schimbarea climei este o fars\u0103. \u00cen astfel de cazuri, dreptul de a crede este proclamat ca un drept negativ, inten\u021bia lui este de a bloca dialogul, de a evita contest\u0103rile, de a evita ca al\u021bii s\u0103 interfere cu dreptul la credin\u021b\u0103. Mintea este \u00eenchis\u0103, nu este deschis\u0103 c\u0103tre \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103. Poate c\u0103 sunt adev\u0103ra\u021bi credincio\u0219i, dar nu cred \u00een adev\u0103r.<\/p>\n<p>Credin\u021ba, ca \u0219i voin\u021ba, sunt fundamentale pentru autonomie, baza libert\u0103\u021bii oricui. Dar, a\u0219a cum Clifford remarca: &#8222;Credin\u021ba cuiva nu este o problem\u0103 exclusiv personal\u0103 care-l prive\u0219te doar pe el.&#8221; Credin\u021bele modeleaz\u0103 atitudini \u0219i motiva\u021bii, dirijeaz\u0103 alegeri \u0219i ac\u021biuni. Credin\u021ba \u0219i cunoa\u0219terea sunt formate \u00eentr-o comunitate care le suport\u0103 efectul. Exist\u0103 o etic\u0103 a credin\u021bei, a achizi\u021biei, sus\u021binerii \u0219i renun\u021b\u0103rii la credin\u021be, iar aceast\u0103 etic\u0103 genereaz\u0103 \u0219i limiteaz\u0103 dreptul la credin\u021b\u0103. Dac\u0103 unele credin\u021be sunt false, moral resping\u0103toare sau iresponsabile, unele sunt de-a dreptul periculoase. \u00cen cazul lor nu avem nici un drept.<\/p>\n<p><img src='https:\/\/metrics.aeon.co\/count\/102a5e69-3ad2-48d9-ae87-0340fd866264.gif' alt='Aeon counter \u2013 do not remove' width='1' height='1' \/><\/p>\n<p>Daniel DeNicola<\/p>\n<p>This article was originally published at <a href='https:\/\/aeon.co?utm_campaign=republished-article' target='_blank'>Aeon<\/a> and has been republished under Creative Commons.<\/p>\n<p>Photo: <em>True believers in fakery<\/em>. Photo by Ben Brooks\/Flickr <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nu ai dreptul s\u0103 crezi tot ce-\u021bi trece prin cap! de Daniel DeNicola profesor \u0219i \u0219ef al catedrei de filozofie la Gettysburg College, Pennsylvania, \u0219i [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1297","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","has_thumb"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9kw6W-kV","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1297","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1297"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1297\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1345,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1297\/revisions\/1345"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1297"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1297"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1297"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}