{"id":1793,"date":"2019-06-10T11:37:21","date_gmt":"2019-06-10T11:37:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/?p=1793"},"modified":"2025-04-16T08:33:23","modified_gmt":"2025-04-16T08:33:23","slug":"de-ce-placerea-se-topeste-de-robert-wright","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/?p=1793","title":{"rendered":"De ce pl\u0103cerea se tope\u0219te, de Robert Wright"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Nu trebuie s\u0103 fii cine \u0219tie ce mare \u00een\u021belept ca s\u0103 explici de ce aceast\u0103 deformare a ap\u0103rut \u00een capacitatea noastr\u0103 de a anticipa. Este nevoie de un biolog evolu\u021bionist sau, doar pentru asta, doar de cineva care dore\u0219te s\u0103 stea un pic pe g\u00e2nduri pentru a vedea cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 evolu\u021bia.
\nEste conceptul logic fundamental. Suntem \u201eproiecta\u021bi\u201c de selec\u021bia natural\u0103 s\u0103 facem anumite lucruri care i-au ajutat pe str\u0103mo\u0219ii no\u0219tri s\u0103-\u0219i transmit\u0103 genele \u00een genera\u021bia urm\u0103toare \u2013 lucruri precum m\u00e2ncatul, sexul, c\u00e2\u0219tigarea respectului celorlal\u021bi \u0219i \u00eentrecerea rivalilor. Am pus \u00eentre ghilimele \u201eproiecta\u021bi\u201c pentru c\u0103, \u00eenc\u0103 o dat\u0103, selec\u021bia natural\u0103 nu este un designer con\u0219tient, inteligent, ci un proces incon\u0219tient. Cu toate acestea, selec\u021bia natural\u0103 creaz\u0103 organisme care arat\u0103 ca \u0219i cum ar fi produsul unui designer con\u0219tient care insist\u0103 s\u0103 le ajute s\u0103-\u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 eficient genele. A\u0219a c\u0103, o lu\u0103m ca pe un experiment emntal, este legitim s\u0103 te g\u00e2nde\u0219ti la selec\u021bia natural\u0103 ca la un \u201edesigner\u201c \u0219i s\u0103 te arunci la picioarele ei \u0219i s\u0103 o \u00eentrebi: dac\u0103 ai proiecta organismele s\u0103 fie bune \u0219i s\u0103-\u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 genele, cum le-ai convinge s\u0103 urm\u0103reasc\u0103 scopurile necesare acestui obiectiv? Cu alte cuvinte, consider\u00e2nd c\u0103 m\u00e2ncatul, sexul, impresionarea semenilor \u0219i \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea rivalilor i-a ajutat pe str\u00eemo\u0219i s\u0103-\u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 genele, cum anume le-ai proiecta creierul ca s\u0103-i convingi s\u0103-\u0219i urm\u0103reac\u0103 obiectivele? Presupun c\u0103 doar trei principii de baz\u0103 ar avea sens:<\/p>\n

1. Atingerea obiectivelor trebuie s\u0103 ofere pl\u0103cere, deoarece animalele, ca \u0219i oamenii, tind s\u0103 fac\u0103 lucruri care le ofer\u0103 pl\u0103cere.
\n2. Pl\u0103cerea nu trebuie s\u0103 dureze la nesf\u00e2r\u0219it. La urma-urmei, dac\u0103 pl\u0103cerea nu se estompeaz\u0103, nu o s\u0103 o mai c\u0103ut\u0103m din nou. Prima noastr\u0103 mas\u0103 ar fi \u0219i ultima, pentru c\u0103 foamea nu va mai ap\u0103rea. La fel cu sexul: un singur contact, apoi o via\u021b\u0103 \u00eentreag\u0103 de z\u0103cut \u00een pl\u0103cerea extazului. Nu ar fi o cale de a-\u021bi transmite genele c\u0103tre genera\u021biile urm\u0103toare!
\n3. Creierul animalului trebuie s\u0103 se concentreze mai ales asupra primului punct, acela conform c\u0103ruia pl\u0103cerea va \u00eenso\u021bi atingerea obiectivului, dec\u00e2t asupra celui de-al doilea, conform c\u0103ruia pl\u0103cerea va disp\u0103rea la scurt timp. La urma-urmei, dac\u0103 te concentrezi pe prima vei urm\u0103ri neobosit s\u0103 ob\u021bii m\u00e2ncarea, sexul \u0219i statutul social, \u00een timp ce, dac\u0103 te concentrezi pe a doua, vei \u00eencepe s\u0103 sim\u021bi \u00eendoiala. Ai putea, de exemplu, s\u0103 \u00eencepi s\u0103 te g\u00e2nde\u0219ti dac\u0103 merit\u0103 s\u0103 urm\u0103re\u0219ti at\u00e2t de ferm pl\u0103cerea dac\u0103 pl\u0103cerea va disp\u0103rea rapid dup\u0103 ce o ob\u021bii \u0219i te va l\u0103sa \u00eenfometat dup\u0103 \u0219i mai mult\u0103. \u00cenainte de a o \u0219ti, te vei fi plictisit \u0219i-\u021bi vei fi dorit s\u0103 nu fi terminat filozofia.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 pui \u00eempreun\u0103 aceste trei principii de design, ob\u021bii o explica\u021bie plauzibil\u0103 a condi\u021biei umane a\u0219a cum a diagnosticat-o Buddha. Da, a\u0219a cum spune el, pl\u0103cerea dispare \u0219i, da, ne las\u0103 lipsi\u021bi de satisfac\u021bie. Iar motivul este acela c\u0103 pl\u0103cerea este proiectat\u0103 de selec\u021bia natural\u0103 s\u0103 se evapore pentru ca lipsa de satisfac\u021bie ce urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 ne determine s\u0103 alerg\u0103m dup\u0103 \u0219i mai mult\u0103 pl\u0103cere. Selec\u021bia natural\u0103 nu \u201evrea\u201c s\u0103 fim ferici\u021bi, \u201evrea\u201c doar s\u0103 fim productivi, \u00eentr-un accept mai restr\u00e2ns al productivit\u0103\u021bii. \u0218i modul de a ne face mai productivi este acela de a ne face s\u0103 anticip\u0103m pl\u0103cerea, iar pl\u0103cerea \u00een sine s\u0103 nu dureze prea mult.
\nCercet\u0103torii pot urm\u0103ri cum se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 lucrurile la nivel biochimic observ\u00e2nd dopamina, un neurotransmi\u021b\u0103tor corelat cu pl\u0103cerea \u0219i cu anticiparea pl\u0103cerii. \u00centr-un studiu fundamental, au monitorizat la maimu\u021be neuronii generatori de dopamin\u0103 \u00een timp ce li se picura un suc dulce pe limb\u0103. \u00cen mod previzibil, dopamina era eliberat\u0103 imediat ce sucul atingea limba. Pe urm\u0103 maimu\u021bele au fost dresate s\u0103 a\u0219tepte pic\u0103tura de suc dup\u0103 ce se stingea lumina. A\u0219a cum descrie experimentul, din ce \u00een ce mai mult\u0103 dopamin\u0103 ap\u0103rea c\u00e2nd se stingea lumina \u0219i din ce \u00een ce mai pu\u021bin\u0103 dup\u0103 ce sucul ajungea pe limb\u0103.
\nNu avem de unde s\u0103 \u0219tim cum este s\u0103 fii una din acele maimu\u021be, dar se pare c\u0103, odat\u0103 cu trecerea timpului, anticiparea pl\u0103cerii ce urma s\u0103 apar\u0103 de la sucul dulce \u00eensemna mai mult dec\u00e2t pl\u0103cerea \u00een sine generat\u0103 de sucul dulce. Pentru a traduce presupunerea \u00een limbajul obi\u0219nuit:
\nDac\u0103 te \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219ti cu un nou fel de a ob\u021bine pl\u0103cerea \u2013 da, s\u0103 spunem, ai tr\u0103it o via\u021b\u0103 \u00eentreag\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 fi m\u00e2ncat o gogoa\u0219\u0103 pudrat\u0103 cu zah\u0103r \u0219i cumva ajungi l\u00e2ng\u0103 una \u0219i e\u0219ti \u00eendemnat s\u0103 \u00eencerci – vei ob\u021bine o explozie de dopamin\u0103 dup\u0103 ce sim\u021bi gustul ei. Dar mai t\u00e2rziu, dup\u0103 ce e\u0219ti un consumator constant de gogo\u0219i pudrate cu zah\u0103r, partea leului din secre\u021bia de dopamin\u0103 apare de fapt \u00eenainte de a mu\u0219ca din gogoa\u0219\u0103, \u00een timp ce te ui\u021bi lung la ea. Cantitatea ce apare dup\u0103 mu\u0219c\u0103tur\u0103 este mult mai mic\u0103 dec\u00e2t aceea ap\u0103rut\u0103 dup\u0103 acea prim\u0103 uluitoare mu\u0219c\u0103tur\u0103 dintr-o gogoa\u0219\u0103 pudrat\u0103 cu zah\u0103r. Explozia de dopamin\u0103 de dinainte de mu\u0219c\u0103tur\u0103 este promisiunea c\u0103 ceea ce ob\u021bii promite mai mult, iar explozia de dopamin\u0103 de dup\u0103 este, \u00eentr-un fel, \u00eenc\u0103lcarea promisiunii sau, cel pu\u021bin, un fel de recunoa\u0219tere biochimic\u0103 c\u0103 s-a promis cumva prea mult. \u00cen sensul accept\u0103rii promisiunii \u2013 anticipata pl\u0103cere mult mai mare dec\u00e2t aceea oferit\u0103 de consumul \u00een sine \u2013 ai fost, dac\u0103 nu am\u0103git, \u00een sensul dur al termenului, cel pu\u021bin indus \u00een eroare.
\n\u00centr-un fel, o cruzime \u2013 dar la ce te a\u0219tep\u021bi din partea selec\u021biei naturale? Munca ei este s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 ma\u0219in\u0103rii care r\u0103sp\u00e2ndesc genele, iar dac\u0103 asta presupune s\u0103 programezi c\u00e2teva iluzii, atunci de iluzii o s\u0103 ai parte.<\/p>\n

Fragment din:
\nRobert Wright
\nDe ce budismul este adev\u0103rat<\/strong>
\n\u0218tiin\u021ba \u0219i filozofia medita\u021biei \u0219i ilumin\u0103rii<\/em>
\nEditura Litera<\/p>\n

Photo by Mattia Faloretti on Unsplash<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nu trebuie s\u0103 fii cine \u0219tie ce mare \u00een\u021belept ca s\u0103 explici de ce aceast\u0103 deformare a ap\u0103rut \u00een capacitatea noastr\u0103 de a anticipa. Este […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[16,29,22],"class_list":["post-1793","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-spiritual","tag-carte","tag-cultura","tag-spiritualitate","has_thumb"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9kw6W-sV","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1793","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1793"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1793\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2827,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1793\/revisions\/2827"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1793"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1793"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1793"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}