{"id":220,"date":"2017-08-15T07:31:23","date_gmt":"2017-08-15T07:31:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/?p=220"},"modified":"2019-02-06T10:42:47","modified_gmt":"2019-02-06T10:42:47","slug":"eu-sunt-celalalt-de-thupten-jinpa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/?p=220","title":{"rendered":"Eu sunt cel\u0103lalt, de Thupten Jinpa"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.dreamstime.com\/royalty-free-stock-photos-tibetan-monk-sitting-image21601288#res3397181\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/thumbs.dreamstime.com\/l\/tibetan-monk-sitting-21601288.jpg\" alt=\"Tibetan monk sitting\" border=\"0\"><\/a><br \/><strong>\u00a9 Photographer: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dreamstime.com\/86ccyy_info\">86ccyy<\/a> | Agency: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dreamstime.com\/\">Dreamstime.com<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ast\u0103zi se recunoa\u0219te din ce \u00een ce mai mult, chiar \u0219i \u00een cercurile \u0219tiin\u021bifice, c\u0103 este simplist\u0103 perspectiva egoist\u0103 asupra naturii umane. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 interesul propriu, imaginea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 acopere \u0219i rolul fundamental pe care instinctul grijei \u0219i al protec\u021biei \u00eel are \u00een comportamentul uman. Recunoa\u0219tem, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 competi\u021bie, \u0219i rolul cooper\u0103rii \u00een evolu\u021bia omului. Un element important al acestui nou curent \u0219tiin\u021bific a ap\u0103rut din studiul empatiei. \u00cen domenii merg\u00e2nd de la studiul primatelor la dezvoltarea psihologiei copilului, dar \u0219i \u00een neuro\u0219tiin\u021be \u0219i neuroeconomie (un subset al economiei ce folose\u0219te metodele neuro\u0219tiin\u021bifice pentru a studia comportamentul economic), noile cercet\u0103ri arat\u0103 c\u0103 suntem motiva\u021bi de empatie.<!--more--><br \/>\nCe este empatia? Este capacitatea noastr\u0103 natural\u0103 de a \u00een\u021belege sentimentele altor persoane \u0219i de a le \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i experien\u021bele. Const\u0103 din dou\u0103 componente cheie: un r\u0103spuns <em>emo\u021bional<\/em> la sentimentele cuiva \u0219i o \u00een\u021belegere <em>cognitiv\u0103<\/em> a situa\u021biei acestuia. R\u0103spunsul emo\u021bional poate lua forma rezonan\u021bei, \u00een care tr\u0103im o emo\u021bie similar\u0103 celei tr\u0103ite de cealalt\u0103 persoan\u0103, un fel de sim\u021bit \u00eempreun\u0103, sau poate fi un sentiment pentru cel\u0103lalt, un fel de sentiment de mil\u0103 pentru nefericirea celuilalt, f\u0103r\u0103 a sim\u021bi, de fapt, ce simte cel\u0103lalt.<br \/>\nCuv\u00e2ntul <em>empatie<\/em> (<em>empathy<\/em>) a fost inventat \u00een 1909 de psihologul Edward B. Titchener pentru a traduce <em>einf\u00fchlungsverm\u00f6gen<\/em>, ap\u0103rut c\u00e2ndva \u00een secolul al XIX-lea \u00een limba german\u0103. \u00censemn\u00e2nd ad litteram &#8222;a fi capabil s\u0103 sim\u021bi \u00eempreun\u0103 cu&#8221;, termenul german sublinia sensibilitatea la sentimentele atcuiva. \u00cen ciuda apari\u021biei recente a cuv\u00e2ntului, oamenii au recunoscut de mult timp fenomenul. Ideea empatiei st\u0103 la baza Regulii de Aur (f\u0103 altora doar ceea ce \u021bi-ar pl\u0103cea s\u0103 \u021bi se fac\u0103 \u021bie), care apare \u00een \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turile etice ale tuturor marilor tradi\u021bii spirituale. O formulare a acestei reguli \u00een sursele budiste este: &#8222;Ia ca exemplu corpul t\u0103u \/ \u0218i nu face r\u0103u altora&#8221;, conexiunea cu empatia fiind mult mai explicit\u0103.<br \/>\nConceptul de empatie este prezent \u0219i \u00een surse nonreligioase. \u00cen romanul filosofic <em>Emile<\/em>, Jean-Jacques Rousseau pune \u00eentrebarea: &#8222;Cum s\u0103 sim\u021bim mila dac\u0103 nu identific\u00e2ndu-ne cu cel care sufer\u0103, l\u0103s\u00e2nd, a\u0219a cum este dat, ca fiin\u021ba noastr\u0103 s\u0103 aib\u0103 grij\u0103 de fiin\u021ba noastr\u0103?&#8221; Filosoful sco\u021bian David Hume compar\u0103 sentimentele noastre naturale pentru alte fiin\u021be, modul \u00een care rezon\u0103m cu durerea \u0219i pl\u0103cerea de parc\u0103 ar fi ale noastre, cu modul \u00een care corzile unei viori rezoneaz\u0103 la sunetul altor corzi. Adam Smith, unul din fondatorii teoriei economiei de pia\u021b\u0103, se g\u00e2ndea c\u0103 transportarea noastr\u0103 imaginar\u0103 \u00een ceilal\u021bi este, de fapt: &#8222;sursa sentimentelor \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219ite cu ceilal\u021bi&#8221; \u0219i sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 astfel de instincte &#8222;conduc animalul la tr\u0103irea pl\u0103cerii \u00een compania tovar\u0103\u0219ilor, la tr\u0103irea unei oarecare simpatii fa\u021b\u0103 de ace\u0219tia, la \u00eendeplinirea unor servicii \u00een folosul acestora&#8221;.<br \/>\nSursele budiste exprim\u0103, dintr-o perspectiv\u0103 diferit\u0103, acelea\u0219i idei. Citim despre capacitatea noastr\u0103 natural\u0103 de a empatiza ca venind din sentimentul c\u0103 suntem conecta\u021bi, c\u0103 ne identific\u0103m cu ceilal\u021bi. Unele texte timpurii budiste descriu identificarea ca &#8222;aprecierea clar\u0103&#8221; a naturii sensibile a celuilalt, \u00een timp ce alte surse o caracterizeaz\u0103 ca &#8222;un mod de a \u021bine cont de cel\u0103lalt&#8221;, sau &#8222;de a-l aprecia pe cel\u0103lalt&#8221;. \u00cen acest fel, c\u00e2nd empatiz\u0103m nu doar devenim con\u0219tien\u021bi de sentimentele altuia, ci le \u0219i onor\u0103m.<br \/>\n\u00cen creier, empatia implic\u0103 mai multe sisteme importante. \u00cen primul \u0219i \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, sistemul limbic, cunoscut mai ales pentru rolul lui \u00een procesarea semnalelor emo\u021bionale. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, empatia activeaz\u0103 re\u021beaua neural\u0103 care face parte din sistemul de ata\u0219ament, care joac\u0103 un rol important \u00een interac\u021biunea dintre copil \u0219i figura de care se ata\u0219eaz\u0103, cum ar fi mama lui. \u00cen fine, c\u00e2nd ajungem la r\u0103spunsul fa\u021b\u0103 de suferin\u021ba altcuiva, empatia este asociat\u0103 cu ceea ce oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 numesc <em>pain matrix<\/em>, acele regiuni ale creierului asociate cu experien\u021ba personal\u0103 a durerii. Imagistica creierului indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 empatia are r\u0103d\u0103cini ad\u00e2nci \u00een p\u0103r\u021bi ale creierului vechi din punct de vedere evolutiv, ca \u0219i \u00een cele mai noi, cum ar fi regiunile corticale care ne permit s\u0103 vedem din perspectiva altcuiva. Descoperirile neurologiei indic\u0103 \u0219i cum, cel pu\u021bin din perspectiva uman\u0103 asupra empatiei, exist\u0103 o leg\u0103tur\u0103 intim\u0103 \u00eentre percep\u021bie \u0219i atitudine pe de o parte \u0219i emo\u021bii \u0219i motiva\u021bii pe de alt\u0103 parte. A\u0219a c\u0103, dac\u0103 schimb\u0103m percep\u021bia \u0219i atitudinea fa\u021b\u0103 de altcineva putem schimba de fapt modul \u00een care \u00eel sim\u021bim.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/\/event.2performant.com\/events\/click?ad_type=product_store&#038;aff_code=dec48ac66&#038;campaign_unique=9a6f02fef&#038;unique=5af21da78\" target=_blank>Din Thupten Jinpa, <em>O inim\u0103 ne\u00eenfricat\u0103. Cum curajul de a manifesta compasiunea ne poate transforma vie\u021bile<\/em>, trad. Vlad T. Popescu<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a9 Photographer: 86ccyy | Agency: Dreamstime.com Ast\u0103zi se recunoa\u0219te din ce \u00een ce mai mult, chiar \u0219i \u00een cercurile \u0219tiin\u021bifice, c\u0103 este simplist\u0103 perspectiva egoist\u0103 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[26,25],"class_list":["post-220","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-spiritual","tag-compasiune","tag-terapie","has_thumb"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9kw6W-3y","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/220","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=220"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/220\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":840,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/220\/revisions\/840"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=220"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=220"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=220"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}