{"id":402,"date":"2017-10-03T05:41:17","date_gmt":"2017-10-03T05:41:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/?p=402"},"modified":"2018-03-24T06:21:43","modified_gmt":"2018-03-24T06:21:43","slug":"dar-nu-poti-sa-faci-asa-ceva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/?p=402","title":{"rendered":"&#8222;Dar nu po\u021bi s\u0103 faci a\u0219a ceva!&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/people-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-403\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/people-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/people.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>De ce ac\u021biunile imorale ni se par imposibile<\/strong><br \/>\nde <a href=\"https:\/\/aeon.co\/users\/jonathan-phillips\" target=\"_blank\">Jonathan Phillips<\/a><\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 e\u0219ti pe drum c\u0103tre aeroport \u0219i te las\u0103 ma\u0219ina. Ai c\u00e2teva solu\u021bii evidente: po\u021bi s\u0103 suni un prieten, s\u0103 cau\u021bi un taxi sau s\u0103 am\u00e2ni zborul. Dac\u0103 astea nu merg, po\u021bi s\u0103 te g\u00e2nde\u0219ti la lucruri mai pu\u021bin probabile, cum ar fi s\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219ti un mijloc de transport \u00een comun, sau s\u0103 mergi cu autostopul p\u00e2n\u0103 la aeroport. Dar sunt \u0219i lucruri care n-o s\u0103-\u021bi treac\u0103 prin cap: s\u0103 iei de la bun \u00eenceput taxiul \u0219i s\u0103 nu-l pl\u0103te\u0219ti. De ce nu te g\u00e2nde\u0219ti la a\u0219a ceva? P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103 este varianta cea mai sigur\u0103 de a ajunge la timp \u0219i mult mai ieftin dec\u00e2t te va costa locul de parcare.<br \/>\nR\u0103spunsul firesc este acela c\u0103 e\u0219ti o persoan\u0103 moral\u0103 care nu ar face a\u0219a ceva. Din dou\u0103 motive nu este r\u0103spunsul potrivit, chiar dac\u0103 e\u0219ti bun din punct de vedere moral. Primul este acela c\u0103 a fi un om bun nu explic\u0103 de ce ai face astfel. Caracterul moral nu te poate \u00eempiedica s\u0103 recuno\u0219ti c\u0103 este o cale de a ajunge la aeroport, chiar dac\u0103 nu o alegi. Al doilea este c\u0103 nu te a\u0219tep\u021bi nici ca altcineva s\u0103 fac\u0103 asta, chiar dac\u0103 nu \u0219tii c\u00e2t de integru moral este.<br \/>\nCe explic\u0103 atunci faptul c\u0103 nu lu\u0103m \u00een considerare varianta de a merge cu taxiul f\u0103r\u0103 a pl\u0103ti? E ceva cu totul diferit: \u00eenainte de a fi propus eu asta, nici nu-\u021bi trecea prin cap. Nu spun doar c\u0103 nu-\u021bi trecea prin cap, ci \u0219i c\u0103 nici nu \u021bi-ar fi trecut dac\u0103 nu-\u021bi spuneam eu.<br \/>\nS\u0103 ne oprim asupra unor <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/114\/18\/4649\" target=\"_blank\">studii<\/a> pe care le-am realizat la Harvard \u00eempreun\u0103 cu colegul meu Fiery Cushman. Participan\u021bii au fost ruga\u021bi s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 o serie de scurte povestiri despre persoane care se confruntau cu diverse probleme (cum ar fi \u0219i pana \u00een drum c\u0103tre aeroport). Apoi li s-a cerut s\u0103 analizeze ce ar fi posibil, \u0219i ce ar fi imposibil s\u0103 fac\u0103 un om pus \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 situa\u021bie. Unii au fost ruga\u021bi s\u0103 judece rapid, \u00eentr-o secund\u0103, pentru a nu avea timp s\u0103 stea pe g\u00e2nduri, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 afl\u0103m cum ar reac\u021biona de fapt. Ceilal\u021bi au fost l\u0103sa\u021bi s\u0103 se g\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 bine la ce ar fi de f\u0103cut.<br \/>\nCele dou\u0103 grupuri aveau \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 variante banale (cum ar fi luatul taxiului), dar \u0219i variante imorale (cum ar fi s\u0103 ia taxiul f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103).<br \/>\nPe urm\u0103 am examinat r\u0103spunsurile pentru a vedea ce se schimb\u0103 \u00eentre r\u0103spunsul dat rapid \u0219i cel dat pe \u00eendelete. Pentru ac\u021biunile banale, nu era nici o diferen\u021b\u0103: oamenii judecau ac\u021biunile respective ca fiind posibile indiferent c\u0103 r\u0103spundeau rapid sau st\u0103teau pe g\u00e2nduri. Ap\u0103rea \u00eens\u0103 o diferen\u021b\u0103 izbitoare la ac\u021biunile imorale.<br \/>\nC\u00e2nd aveau timp de g\u00e2ndire, judecau c\u0103 ar fi posibil ca o persoan\u0103 s\u0103 recurg\u0103 la solu\u021bia imoral\u0103. \u00cen schimb, c\u00e2nd r\u0103spundeau rapid, spuneau c\u0103 ar fi imposibil. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103, \u00eenainte chiar de a se fi g\u00e2ndit la a\u0219a ceva, considerau acele ac\u021biuni ca imposibile.<br \/>\nAm comparat aceste variante cu unele statistic <em>mai pu\u021bin probabile<\/em>, dar nu imorale (de exemplu s\u0103 convinigi aeroportul s\u0103 am\u00e2ne plecarea) \u0219i am descoperit c\u0103 efectul ap\u0103rea doar la ac\u021biunile imorale, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu era vorba de probabilitate.<br \/>\nAm f\u0103cut \u0219i alte studii. Am povestit participan\u021bilor de o persoan\u0103 care avea nevoie de 1000 de dolari pe termen scurt, dar nu \u0219tia cum s\u0103 fac\u0103 rost de bani. \u00cen loc s\u0103 oferim noi solu\u021bii, doar am \u00eentrebat ce ar fi de f\u0103cut. Dup\u0103 ce primeam primul r\u0103spuns, ceream \u00eenc\u0103 o variant\u0103, apoi \u00eenc\u0103 una, \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103 una, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd aveam cel pu\u021bin cinci variante diferite. Pe urm\u0103 d\u0103deam r\u0103spunsurile tuturor participan\u021bilor pentru a le clasifica dup\u0103 c\u00e2t de morale erau. Chiar dac\u0103 sarcina era diferit\u0103, oamenii arareori luau \u00een considerare varianta \u00een care se propunea ceva imoral, iar dac\u0103 o f\u0103ceau se \u00eent\u00e2mpla numai dup\u0103 ce se g\u00e2ndeau la toate variantele.<br \/>\nA\u0219a cum sugereaz\u0103 studiile, nu-i greu de observat c\u0103 acest mod de g\u00e2ndire este dominant \u00een mai toate momentele vie\u021bii noastre. C\u00e2nd vezi pe cineva c\u0103 trece pe ro\u0219u, te g\u00e2nde\u0219ti \u00een mod firesc: &#8222;Stai, nu po\u021bi s\u0103 faci a\u0219a ceva!&#8221; \u0218i nu te g\u00e2nde\u0219ti doar c\u0103 ar fi o gre\u0219eal\u0103. A\u0219 fi spus atunci: &#8222;Stai, nu <em>trebuie<\/em> s\u0103 faci a\u0219a ceva!&#8221; Chiar ne-am g\u00e2ndit <em>c\u0103 nu se poate<\/em>.<br \/>\n\u0218i \u00eencepe s\u0103 aib\u0103 sens faptul c\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd vecinii unui criminal \u00een serie sunt intervieva\u021bi, nu pot s\u0103 cread\u0103 c\u0103 vecinul lor a ucis mai mul\u021bi oameni. Sau c\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd auzim de atrocit\u0103\u021bi petrecute \u00een alt\u0103 \u021bar\u0103 la \u00eenceput spunem c\u0103 este imposibil, \u00eenainte de a fi ultragia\u021bi. Ac\u021biunile imorale nu ni se par doar rele \u0219i de nedorit, ni se par, de fapt, imposibile.<br \/>\n\u00cen loc s\u0103 consider\u0103m bizar sau stupid c\u0103 nu vedem varianta ac\u021biunii imorale, s\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim c\u0103, de fapt, este un lucru bun. S\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim la alternativ\u0103: c\u00e2nd interac\u021bionezi cu cineva s\u0103 te g\u00e2nde\u0219ti permanent c\u0103 vei fi furat, min\u021bit. Asta ne-ar pune \u00eencrederea la \u00eencercare, ar fi mai greu s\u0103 colabor\u0103m unii cu al\u021bii. A\u0219a c\u0103, indiferent c\u00e2t am pierde ignor\u00e2nd varianta ac\u021biunii imorale, beneficiul interac\u021biunii normale cu ceilal\u021bi este mult mai mare.<\/p>\n<p><img src='https:\/\/metrics.aeon.co\/count\/4beaa0fa-2f4b-4b39-a264-bf9c509f7eb9.gif' alt='Aeon counter \u2013 do not remove' width='1' height='1' \/><\/p>\n<p>Jonathan Phillips<\/p>\n<p>This article was originally published at <a href='https:\/\/aeon.co' target='_blank'>Aeon<\/a> and has been republished under Creative Commons.<\/p>\n<p><img src='https:\/\/metrics.aeon.co\/count\/4beaa0fa-2f4b-4b39-a264-bf9c509f7eb9.gif' alt='Aeon counter \u2013 do not remove' width='1' height='1' \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>De ce ac\u021biunile imorale ni se par imposibile de Jonathan Phillips S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 e\u0219ti pe drum c\u0103tre aeroport \u0219i te las\u0103 ma\u0219ina. Ai c\u00e2teva [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[29],"class_list":["post-402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-spiritual","tag-cultura","has_thumb"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9kw6W-6u","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/402","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=402"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/402\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":406,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/402\/revisions\/406"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=402"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=402"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sfat.info.ro\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=402"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}